Whitney Barger

Whitney Barger, Age 19, Student at Harlan County High School; Cumberland, Kentucky, Harlan County:

“I was in the situation of drugs [my parents when I was growing up]. I grew up where I was worried about stuff that kids shouldn’t worry about, like where my next meal was going to come from, and having a learning disability. I went and lived with my aunt [and] it didn’t change.

At the Boys and Girls Club [I met Kateena Haynes, Director of the Harlan County Boys & Girls Club]. It [the Club] changed my life. I could go there and not worry about what I had to worry about at home. They were all nice to me. I was 14 [when] I came to live with them [Kateena and Rich]. Rich and Kateena got temporary custody of me, and now they have me all the time.

I remember when my dad would come from Georgia. I remember him visiting. [I had a good relationship with him]. He passed away. They think it was a stroke or something, but they’re not really sure. It didn’t affect me much because I hardly saw him.

[Coming to live with Rich and Kateena,] I was like, ‘Whut?’ But I know it happened for a reason. I was afraid that I wouldn’t see the other people that I left. I didn’t think I was going to see them again. But I did, [and I still do] sometimes. A part of me wants to see them, but a part of me doesn’t. I think they’re a bad influence on me, so I just want to stay away from that.

[Now] I don’t worry about anything. [I] go to school, come home. [I do] First Priority Leadership, Junior Chef Competition, I ran cross-country and track, and… that’s it. First Priority Leadership is a place where we go to worship God in school. We go every morning. 

I want to be a pastry chef. I grew up watching Food Network all the time and I really liked it. [When I was a kid,] I played outside, and watched TV, and was lazy sometimes.

I want to go to a cooking school. Get a job at a bakery, or a restaurant. I like [to make] fudge, cake, sweet potato, apple nachos. At the Swappin’ Meetin’ I won first place at a baking contest for a banana nut cake. It was awesome. 

I like to cook, I used to run, I sing in the choir at my school, and I go to church. We [the choir] go to competitions at the end of the year and we do pretty good. We have concerts twice a year and we sing at events. I used to play the piano, but I quit. I didn’t like it. I think it [singing] is a stress reliever to me. Once I sing, I forget about everything else. 

[On being stereotyped] We went to a choir state competition. They saw Harlan County and they listened for our dialect, and they said that they could hear it, but we didn’t. We were like, ‘You couldn’t hear it.’ 

I guess I’m a hillbilly. I’m proud of it, but everybody’s like, ‘Oh yeah, you’re one of those people from Harlan County. You’re gonna be pregnant by the time you’re 20. You’re gonna drop out of school.’

We’re just like y’all. We do the stuff you do.

I think that there’s something besides coal here, we’ve just got to find it. [10-20 years from now,] it depends on if the generations now stay or leave. This place has potential. If you stay, open businesses, it’ll be like it used to be. 

I don’t think there are opportunities here for me, but I’ll always come back and visit. I think it’s unique because everywhere else, they don’t have mountains. I think the mountains protect us. [The people] they’re all really nice. They’re unique in their own way, and they’re each different.

[I have chances now I didn’t have before.] Going to college, doing stuff that I wouldn’t have got to do, like play sports and go places for opportunities.

I’m really tough. Anything that comes my way, I think I can get through it.”

Roberta Lilly

Roberta Lilly, Retired School Teacher; Beckley, West Virginia:

“I was born and raised in West Virginia and I’m proud of it. [Growing up in Beckley was] different, I guess. We were always able to entertain ourselves, and kids today can’t do that. We played with paper dolls and made mud pies and did all those fun things. [My friends were] kids in the neighborhood. [We had a small family] just me and my brother. 

I went to an all-girls school in Ohio in high school and studied Foods and Institutional Services because I thought I’d someday work in a restaurant, or have my own place. Then, I changed my mind [because] since I was in the second grade; I wanted to be a schoolteacher. So, I went to college and pursued a degree. My dad was working for Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass in Toledo. We were there about five years. 

The economy [brought us back]. Whenever you leave West Virginia you always want to come home. It’s just home. 

I went to Beckley College and got an undergraduate degree and Concord and got my Bachelor’s degree and WVU for Master’s. I taught third grade for seventeen years, and then I taught everything from second through the fifth grade; I subbed for ten years after I retired and I taught all the way through eighth grade. 

[As teachers] We’ve had stories about the way that kids were kept. I know one little boy came in and told me one day he’d burned himself, and it was because mom wasn’t home all night and he had to take care of his little baby brother before he came to school, so he was trying to cook him some breakfast. 

Some of the diseases and things we were exposed to as a child; all of us were vaccinated before we went to school like everybody else I guess, but we didn’t have any conflict with it like they have today. Life just moved on and people just done what they could do and kept on going. 

My aunt had tuberculosis and they put her in a sanitarium until she was better and I really believe that our older people probably had cancer, but they didn’t call it that, they didn’t know what it was. I think that affected a lot of people. Black lung, coal miners in the mines and not being protected had black lung. 

[Appalachians] are different because we care about family. You get into cities and places like this and they don’t care about family. It’s just their own selves and what they can do. Here, we’re family-oriented; families stick together and help each other. 

[Outsiders] Most of them think that we’re stupid and that we have no upbringing. They think we talk funny and we’re the people that don’t know how to dress right. They really need to look; we’ve had a much better life than a lot of them. We are more oriented to what’s around us, and we appreciate everything that we get. 

It’s not like you get something and it's just common to get everything that you want. When you live in the mountains, you appreciate all those little things that you get. 

My uncles were coal miners, but my dad, he was a teacher so he didn’t work in the mines but just a little bit. After we came back to West Virginia, he went to college and was a teacher in high school. He had a love to really see kids improve their minds and stuff because he was a very intelligent person. My mom was a stay at home mom, and she worked in a little five and ten cents store. 

The only thing I remember about my uncles working in the mines was that whenever they came home at night they came home with the dirty black faces and had worked all day and they were tired. They always brought that lunch bucket home and there was always something left in it. Probably that extra cake that mom put in in the morning. 

We had big family gatherings on the holidays. Christmas and Thanksgiving [the] family would come in, and we’d have these big meals and cook lots of food and had lots of fun. 

If it was Thanksgiving, we always had turkey and dressing, mashed potatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkin pie, hot rolls and salads. [My favorite meal or comfort food is] beans and cornbread. I don’t think people who live in the city know what cornbread is. 

We take our own corn and dry it, then we grind it ourselves and we sift it out and make cornbread and it’s really good. Lots of butter in the skillet and it has to be cooked in an iron skillet so it gets real crunchy on the outsides. Lots of butter on it and there’s nothing better. It’s not sweet, no sugar goes in cornbread. That’s for cake. [Beans] are savory and you put that fatback in them and you let them cook for a long time. It’s just the smell all day long. I like to cook just about everything.

We don’t eat a lot of meat at our house, we’re more [eat] what we raise, a lot of it. Right now it’s a big pot of green beans, sliced tomatoes, cucumbers and corn on the cob. [We grow] beans, corn, onions, potatoes, beets, cucumbers and squash. 

I didn’t realize how much potatoes cost until I had to go buy some ‘cause we’ve always had enough to do us all winter. You pick beans until you think you can’t pick any more, and then you sit on the porch and everybody just sits around and strings beans and talks and has fun. We can them in jars with water and just a little salt, put them in a big ‘ole thing and let them cook. 

[Hobbies] I like to crochet, make quilts and I knit. I have my granddaughter that we’re raising and have a lot of time for her. Quilting is where you can take something in your mind, a design, and tell a story with it. Then you put those pieces together and all the colors go together and it just means something special. 

My aunt was ninety-five when she passed away. She’d never sewn on a sewing machine. All of her quilts were done by hand, and she gave me one before she died. It's just really special and I think that’s why I wanted to get into this hobby, too.

[The quilt] looks like diamonds and each diamond is hooked together in a long line and then there are diamonds fit in between and there [are] just lots of different colors and bright and pretty and then it’s been quilted in the same thing. I’ve done a quilt, I did one for my granddaughter for her birthday one year and I took old blue jeans of mine and cut the dolls out, the baby dolls, and then used old fabric from shirts and made the dresses and the hats and that kind of thing to put on them and then sewed them on the squares. 

[My biggest triumph] I think the biggest thing for me right now is to see that [my granddaughter] is raised and that she has a good education and can take care of herself. 

[One of the saddest times] Probably when my mom died. My dad got killed and it’s sad when you lose your dad, but when you lose your mom, it’s gone. My dad was shot. A friend of the family just came to the house and called him out and shot him. He was in his fifties, late fifties. 

When coal was booming everybody had lots of money and they did a lot of things and now it’s like if somebody doesn’t do something we’re not going to have an economy. It’s going to be gone. 

I don’t know if there’s anything that we can do, because our government doesn’t listen to us. They think they know more than we do. I’m wondering what’s going to happen when some of these plants and things need power and they don’t have the coal for that power. What are they going to do? 

I can tell you a story and most people don’t think this is true. We were living in a house, and I kept telling my husband, I said, ‘There is a lady that’s walks through my hallway and into my kitchen.’ And he said, ‘That’s not true.’ I said, ‘I see her. Every now and then I see her.’ So one day I came home from work and my husband says, ‘I saw your lady today and she was walking through.’ I says, ‘You know, somebody in my family is going to die.’ 

Right after that, my mom died.”

Jacob Carruba

Jacob Carruba, Age 29, Production Teammate for Firestone Industrial Products; Williamsburg, Kentucky, Raised in Cumberland, Kentucky, Harlan County: 

“I was raised in Cumberland, Kentucky [and] I enjoyed [growing up] there. I wasn’t a big fan of school. 

As I grew up there, it was a little bit rough. There was no jobs or anything like that. I grew up hustling and working here and there, doing odd jobs for older women and doing landscaping and stuff like that, wherever I could make a penny. 

There wasn’t much growing up. Most of the time you would just go with your friends over to a creek bank and pretend and swing on vines before they started cuttin’ ‘em down. We used to hang out behind the Piggly Wiggly [now Food City] a lot back when it was still in town. I remember when there was a Piggly Wiggly, and there used to be the Pick Pack and the IGA and then the Big Lots shut down and they opened it up into a factory, then it shut down.

I didn’t enjoy high school. I was a third year freshman. That was during a tough time in my life where I was going through what a lot of people would call my identity crisis. I aced every test, but I never did any of the homework. I skipped a lot of school and that was about it. I went to punk shows a lot. That was when the punk scene was starting to pick up over to Whitesburg. I played football, so I was like the only gothic football player, [with] a two-foot Mohawk and shoulder pads. That was just the way it worked. 

Aside from that, that’s where I met some of the best people in my life. I really enjoyed the people that I grew up with.

Our [Appalachian] punk rock was what I would consider some of the most genuine, because you didn’t have your big commercialized stores where you would be able to go out and buy your wallet chains and buy your patches and stuff like that. Anything that you wore that would be considered punk was stuff you found in the trash the same as they did back in London when the punk scene first hit. Whatever you could find to sew onto your clothes and get from a basic convenient mart was how you had to portray yourself.

We didn’t even have a piercings parlor in town; all of our piercings were done with safety pins and little penny nails. You just jam them through and hope that someone had an earring to go in it. Or you wore safety pins and nails and ratchet sets to actually get the size you wanted.

I quit high school due to my mother having her second stroke. She had had a heart attack and a triple by-pass and all kinds of stuff, so I quit school to stay home full-time to help take care of her. It was me and my mother, my grandmother and my uncle Turtle. We all lived together in the same house. 

Mamaw had Multiple Sclerosis, and mom had suffered a heart attack and stroke, so my entire childhood, for ten years after I quit school up until I was about twenty- three or twenty-two, was just taking care of my mother. It helped me to grow up. It taught me the value of work and how to stretch a dollar. Turn a penny into a dime and then turn that dime into a quarter. It’s something that you learn how to do. You have to.

My family was originally from Sicily. My great-grandfather and mamaw actually came over here and then got a job in the coalmines. That’s how my family started as a coal mining family. 

Carruba is [family name] derived from the carob bean. I’d have to look it up again but I’m pretty sure that it was John the Baptist that survived for a month, or a few months eating only the carob beans. And that’s how they got such reverence in the Catholic Church and the community. I think [the name was changed when they came over] but I’m not sure. It’s hard to trace a family tree. Most of them were born to midwives and that kind of sort. So there’s not many birth records. 

I had an aunt that got held up in Ellis Island because when she came over, her feet were blue due to the fact that she crushed grapes and they had no idea. So they held her there for a few days thinking that she was sick, not knowing what the actual ‘disease’ was because she stomped grapes.

He [great-grandfather] came over, and once they got here they’d heard there was a boom in coal in Kentucky, and started working as a coal miner. Some of the family went into it [mining]. I had a cousin that went in and he went underground for years until here recently when they all got shut down. 

My mother worked for the Donut Shop when it was still in town, if you all can remember it. After the Donut Shop, she worked as a bartender. She worked for Lonnie Bruner and Hazel and all of them when they owned the corner bars in Cumberland, Kentucky. Then, she did side jobs where she would go over and clean older women’s houses. 

I can remember still being like six or seven years old, my momma telling me to lock the door, she had to go and clean the house. I would sit there with my Fruity Pebbles and watch cartoons until she came back home. I actually locked her out once and wouldn’t let her in because she said ‘let no one in.’ I can remember the maintenance men at the projects bribing me with candy bars and I was like ‘nuh-uh, momma would whop my ass, you can’t let her in.’ Mom would always find a way to make ends meet until she became handicapped and we had to live off her Social Security Income. 

I never knew [my dad]. My mother never told me his name. I heard rumors, family never really knew. I think she knew legitimately, but he didn’t want to be part of my life so we didn’t want to burden myself with that.

My family wasn’t just my immediate family. The entire town of Cumberland helped raise me. I can remember being eight [or] nine years old, walking the streets of Cumberland and my mom being at work. People being able to call her at the bar, and be like ‘oh, he’s fine, he’s down here, or oh, he’s over here.’ 

I was raised by a community, instead of just my mother, so I really learned from that. I can still remember being younger and being influenced by the older men in the bar, because my mom would be closing up at night and I’d be hiding behind the bar because I wouldn’t have a way home. After she’d close the bar, I got to get up and shoot pool and stuff with all the older gentlemen that were still waiting on their rides. So I learned that most of the drunks and drug addicts that I grew up around were some of the best people I knew.

My mother passed away about seven or eight years ago. I was about twenty-two or twenty-three. [I grew up] watching how strong she was. I knew it [her death] was inevitable. Sooner or later it would happen, and it would happen while I still a young adult. She passed away the year of her fiftieth birthday. After all of that, as soon as it had happened, the landlord came over the next day, and told me, ‘I’m sorry to be like this, but rent is due, and if you can’t pay it then I’m gonna’ have to ask you to leave.’ 

I had thirty days, sold everything in my home. Made enough money to live for roughly three months and got her life insurance policy. [I] paid off her funeral costs, my grandmother’s funeral costs and one of my aunt’s funeral cost. I had roughly maybe eight or nine hundred to my name and had to stretch it over a six-month period.

I was homeless for a few months. I couched surfed between friends and stuff like that. [I] slept outside. I was hooked on a lot of different drugs and I drank super heavy. And then a friend of mine that I went to school with and went to church with growing up and hadn’t talked to in ten years gave me a call out of the blue, saying that he had gotten married and he had an extra room in his apartment and that I could come and stay with him. 

I moved with twenty dollars in my pocket and I had a garbage bag with about six outfits in it. No bed, nothing [and] moved down to Williamsburg and stayed with him and then got on my feet there. Over a period of three months I made enough money working fast food. I was working at Pizza Hut and Burger King doing sixteen hour days. My day off consisted of either I got to sleep in and go to work on night shift or I got to wake up early and got the night off. That was all of my days off until I got my job at Firestone and went to working twelve-hour shifts.

I discovered that I couldn’t survive on it [drugs and alcohol] so I quit. I couldn’t afford a rehab so I worked through all of it. I remember waking up, going to work, coming home, going through the cold sweats, waking up, going to work and doing that until I was just over it. I still drink occasionally, but it’s more of a social experience than me sitting down with a fifth alone in my house with that sad paper bag and saying ‘this is my friend today.’

One of the things my mother taught me was willpower is usually stronger than anything else. If you set your mind to it, you can do it. If you don’t want to do it, then you won’t. 

The day my wife said ‘yes’ [is the happiest time in my life]. Oh man, [she’s] me as a woman. If I can explain it. I get teary-eyed. [She’s] my rock. She went through the same trials and tribulations I did growing up. 

She had to take care of her mother, because her mom, I think she had a degenerative bone disease and she took care of her for roughly the same amount of years. She had to take care of her sister. She was forced into the same roles here in Appalachia when she came back. Me and her just clicked. 

[We met] at a punk show. It was one of the Crawdad Festivals. We’d actually met times before that. She had knew me because I had been friends with her sister, and she had seen me before but she’d thought that I was really, really young, so she kinda strayed away from me. And then we met in New Tazewell at the Mustang one night, and that’s where we had our first dance. 

We didn’t talk for probably six years, and then [ended up] seeing each other again at a punk show. I came up to her and was like, ‘I’m going out to the bar with some friends, would you like to go?’ I went and I bought her a Monster and brought it back to her and then once she said yes, she said ‘where’s the friends?’ I was like, ‘I lied. I just really wanted to bring you out.’ 

She got to spend some time with me and meet my Aunt Sue. [She] got to see us dancing and drinking and having a good time. Then after that, I had already told all of our friends that I was going to marry her before she knew it. I just had to win her onto the idea. It was a period of a year. She was terrified. She didn’t want me to pop the question to her until we at least dated a year. It was New Years and I took her outside at midnight at the start of the New Year because I made a promise that I wouldn’t propose to her until after the first year of dating. 

At 12:01 I proposed to her in front of about eighty of our closest friends. Everybody was drunk and loud. I was [nervous] but if I’d thought that she would have said no I would never have asked. We are going on one year married. 

I would [like to have kids] but she suffers from PCOS [Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome]. So it’s a trial and tribulation. I would rather adopt. I think that there’s enough kids in the world as is, and we could always bring one or two in and give them a good home and a new place. I am a huge fan of adoption.

I listen to a lot of music. I think my biggest hobby is work just because I enjoy it. Actually I really enjoy working, I always have. Other than that, I’ve got my cats. I’m a big cat person. So cats, work and listening to music. 

I used to play music but I actually had to sell my drums and all of my equipment to pay rent. After I get situated and settled, and get a five-year plan established and completed, I may buy a drum set. Right now I can’t rationalize a spend for that. 

Music is a gateway. It’s an opportunity for kids to let loose and let go and accept and be who they wanna be in life, without trying to conform to modern society. It could be the prissiest little female in the entire community and she could be sitting and listening to thrash metal in her bedroom, rocking out. But she has to keep on a certain appearance for everyone else. It’s really a release for everyone.

I have [had an interest in traditional music.] I always enjoyed the mandolin. It was one of my favorites. I like mouth harps and harmonicas. It’s just a little twang. When I was being raised up I didn’t just didn’t get to listen one style of music. Between my Aunt Helen, and the way she listened to stuff like Barry White and Keith Sweat and stuff like that, and then my Aunt Sue, grew up as a disco/pop girl listening to basic pop music everywhere. 

My mother was a huge country fan when it come to Alan Jackson, Waylon and Hank Williams, Kenny Chesney and all that. She liked ‘em all. As I grew up, I realized that all of those genres really just melted away from the basic early genres where it started out as Mozart and started out with punk music and the rise of the Beatles. Everything came from there. 

People usually don’t enjoy listening to my IPod at work because it will go all the way from Buddy Holly back up to Mega Death then back down to Trampled by Turtles doing bluegrass back up to do-wop. It jumps everywhere.

Community [is our culture] and the fact that you don’t just have to rely on yourself. Regardless if everyone hates your neighbor, your neighbor probably still loves you and vice versa. I’ve heard people talk about people behind each other’s backs every day and then as soon as those people get around each other they would give each other the shirts off their back to the person they just talked pure garbage about. So it’s a sense of community that everyone will take care of everyone. 

I still do [love the mountains]. I [will live always in the mountains] because me and my wife recently went on a three thousand miles road trip for our honeymoon. As we went around, I realized that I am kinda’ agoraphobic when I get out of the mountains… it’s too flat. It makes me really uncomfortable. It’s nice to visit, but I would still rather have shade, than sun. 

It doesn’t matter how much someone says they hate the mountains while they are in the mountains. They will always come back because they will miss ‘em.

Maybe in another couple thousand years [the coal will come back]. Let the fossil fuels rebuild. We ran an entire town based upon one economy with no backup plan. The youth [are the future for Appalachia]. It’s the kids now days. They are more accepting than any of the other past generations have ever been. They are more in tune with everything. I think it was the sprout of the internet and the influences of my generation and the generation before me to them. They’re not afraid to lash out and put a foot down when it comes to change.

[We will be] a small mountain community [in twenty years] with new aspects. It will be exactly the same with new stores. Or it will be a retirement village where everyone that grew up here keeps it alive just by owning land.

I’m happy being loud. I’m cool with the marginalization of my community and the people that I grew up around. I’m happy to fit a stereotype. No matter how I lash out, I already know that I am going to sound country my entire life. I am going to use phrases that no one knows. 

I think the only way that people can change their views of the stereotypical Appalachian would be to spend a day with us, because it doesn’t matter what town I go to, I start creating a community around me that still reminds me of home because of how I was raised, and how I treat people around me.

My grandmother was Catholic. My mom wasn’t. She never really went to church. She started to when she got older, but it was really hard for us to find a church where we didn’t get berated after the service for what we did and who we were. Catholic Church and even a Church of God, even though it’s a non-denominational, the women would criticize her on the outfits she would wear, and they would criticize me for my outward appearance. 

That was one of the main reasons that I fell out of the church. I can’t look at someone based on their outward appearance and decide on what kind of person they are.

I recently started claiming being an agnostic as I started falling out of the church. I started going and leaning more to the humanitarian concept of eternal life, to where I believe that as long as I live as a good person that when I die, my legacy will live on in the memories of others. 

I just want to be remembered as a good person, a caregiver, a hard worker. I hope that the values and the way that I have been in my life and the joy that I try [to] bring to others will carry on. 

My mother was the [most influential] person in my life. She taught me that chivalry’s not dead it’s just underappreciated. She taught me to be a good man, because I never knew one. [She] taught me the values of hard work, dedication, [and] that friends can sometimes matter more than family.”

Rodney Ray Pennington

Rodney Ray Pennington, General Contractor; Cool Ridge, West Virginia:

“I am thirty-nine years old, and have lived here my whole life. [Growing up in the mountains] It was simpler than it is now, that’s for sure. Everybody was a friend to everybody. Everybody helped everybody, which is unseen these days even in these parts.

[Fun as a kid] You took a ball and a makeshift bat and you went outside and you played in the street and you didn’t worry about what was going on around you.

[High school] was a close-knit community. Everybody pulls for each other. It’s more of a family atmosphere than it is a school atmosphere. I played basketball, baseball; very active in all sorts of things, mainly sports. Baseball was my favorite, but I’m more known around here for basketball, even though my height doesn’t show it. 

My senior year’s the only year that our local high school from this region has made it to the state tournament in basketball. It just so happens, it’s a state record for the largest crowd in West Virginia state history. We played the morning session and we were the first game of the session. But the reason that it was such a big game was the game after us was Beckley Woodrow Wilson, which is like an eighteen-time Triple A state champion, playing against Randy Moss and the team from DuPont. 

Randy Moss was known as a football player because, you know, he went on the NFL, but he was also one of the best basketball players to ever come through West Virginia. My nephews and all those that were big into sports, they don’t believe me. You know they’re like, ‘you don’t know Randy Moss.’ And I said, ‘I didn’t say I knew Randy Moss. I’ve played basketball with him and against him and I know of him. We’re of the same age and of the same area.’ They still don’t believe me, so I got to bring out pictures. And I got to say, ‘See? Here’s the picture. I told ya.’

I went straight from high school to working in construction. My uncle is a pretty big general contractor in this area. I worked for him for fifteen years, then I’ve went out on my own, running my own business. [My uncle] did residential, we all do residential. We’ve built a lot of people’s homes in the community. We’re very involved in a lot of aspects.

It seems like the price of living keeps going up but the incomes don’t. Around here, we’ve always been behind, but we are even farther behind now. And the price of living still keeps going up. [It affects my business] because you treat every contract different. I mean, you just do. If you are dealing with an eighty-one year old woman that’s on social security, you are going to work a lot cheaper than you do for the doctor who’s making money hand over fist. And the people with the money are few and far between. But when it comes to your home, everybody needs one, and it’s got to function. It affects everybody.

My dad was a coal miner. I can remember as a little boy him coming home black, couldn’t see nothing but your eyeballs, and saying ‘don’t ever go in the coal mines.’ So, I never had no desire [to go in the mines]. I see how the coalmines come in and bring billions and billions of dollars out of the mountain, and then leave the community raped and poor as all get out. It’s all coming out and going somewhere else and then they leave the community in poor shape. 

It’s horrible to even look at. You go to all of these smaller coal towns that once upon a time were thriving, and it’s falling apart. The houses are falling apart, the buildings are falling apart and there are no businesses there. The coalmine companies come in and took the money that they wanted, and left it as it was.

[How to help the economy here?] You know that’s a tough question, because the mountains is a terrain that you can’t just thrive on in every way shape or form. You got to find something that attracts people and attracts businesses to the mountainous areas. 

But, the cold hard fact is you got the most beautiful scenery in the United States of America. You got the cleanest water and you got the cleanest air. I don’t know where you bring in businesses, and to what [extent] you sacrifice those types of things. It’s kind of a double-edged sword there. I think maybe the biggest thing is educating the young, not in a computer, [but] that this country was built by your hands. And it’s gonna take building by hands again because it’s falling apart. If it’s not easy they don’t want to do it. And I guess that’s country wide not just here. 

[West Virginia in ten to twenty years] You know I’m a little worried about it. You either have money, or you don’t. There’s no in between, really, and the ‘have-nots’ are starting to far outweigh the ‘haves.’ All these smaller communities are so drug-ridden that it’s not funny. So I’m really not sure. I’d like to think that we’re still gonna be the same old place, but I won’t say that for sure because it’s really starting to take a toll on our communities, what’s going on. Seems like when people fall into poverty, then they fall into the drug use to forget their problems. And the poverty is becoming more and more. It just really is.

[I’ve got] three kids. [I instill values in my children] in family, Jesus Christ and that it doesn’t matter what you do, do it. Do it the best you can. And take pride in what you do, but also be of your word. Your word means more than anything. You can go and say a lot of things, but it you don’t follow through on it, it didn’t mean anything. So that’s my biggest thing, is give it your all and be truthful and honest in what you’re doing and realize that nothing comes easy, and if it comes easy it’s probably not worth it.

[My dad] doesn’t work in the mines [anymore]. He is in Charlotte, North Carolina now, because that’s what happens when the mines is done with you. They lay you off, and then you can’t find that type of money nowhere around here, so you gotta leave. [He’s been gone] twenty- two or twenty-three years, and no hope of coming back because the coal mining industry--- it’s a dog eat dog world, you know? You’re either useful to them or you’re not. That’s the way it is.

My grandpa was a Lilly and built half of this stuff here [at the Lily Reunion property]. He was a foreman in the electrical power lines. So he run all the power lines here. He taught family first and foremost, and hard work, which is something unfounded today. I’m not sure we teach our kids the same thing. 

[I hung out with my grandpa] a lot! Fishing a lot, camping a lot but I can also remember working a lot. You was mowing the grass, you were doing something around the house, washing the truck. There was no ‘we are just going to sit around and play on the computer’ time. 

[My other grandfather] had got to the point in his life where he was older and frail by the time I can remember him. He was in the coalmines, too. He had black lung; it’s a back-breaking job, too. 

Most people think that you’re underground and you’re are standing up, but you’re underground and you’re laying on your back, back in those days especially. You know you’re in a three foot seam of coal, you’re gonna sit there and eat lunch. You’re not even gonna stand up to stretch your legs, so it’s got to wear on you after thirty or forty years.

[Media portrays us] as backward and maybe behind the times. I think the problem is they could learn a lot from us. [For example] that sometimes when somebody has a flat tire, you stop and help ‘em and you go on and you’ve made a friend for life. You don’t just pass them up and say, ‘oh I’m scared they are going to take twenty dollars out of my wallet,’ which is what you find in mainstream, you know everybody is scared of everybody. Around here, it’s really not the case. When you see somebody you say, ‘Oh look at them, that might be me. I might need help,’ so you stop and help them. That’s just the way it is.

[Hobbies] Besides sports and I’m an avid sports fan and, of course a WVU sports fan, as most West Virginians are. Hunting, fishing, love to camp and I like the beach. Though, when you’re at the beach you think about how awesome it is and then you can’t wait to get back to the mountain.

[Coming home from being away I feel] thank God! No other term I can use. And I’ve been many places in this country and that’s just the way you feel. I’ve spent time working in other places, bigger cities [like] Charlotte and I’ve worked in Columbus, and you don’t feel welcome. 

You come to the mountains, and it don’t matter if you’re a visitor or not. They’ll make you feel welcome. It’s like, ‘hey, you need something to eat, here you go, or you need something to drink?’ You don’t find that anywhere else. They look at you strange like you’re a foreigner from a whole different world and you’re an alien just come over and it’s like ‘what are they doing here?’

(Creative problem-solving) I was building a pretty big house, and I couldn’t find enough help to get it done. We would spend most of our time making riggers to scaffold us up and not just us, the structure [too]. People were coming around used to using eight or nine guys, and there’s three of us doing what we’re doing and they were like, ‘how are you all doing that?’ 

All we were doing was using the resources we had. We weren’t strong enough to get it up there. We know we’re not. And so we’d just little by little propel it up. Not saying it didn’t take us longer, but I’m saying when we got done, it was just as good as it could be. It’s things like that and using simple little things that are around every day that most people don’t even think about using as tools in everyday life. Some of the simplest things are handy, and nobody knows how to use them. 

When I went to Columbus, it was this past winter, and the temperature didn’t get above seven degrees for three weeks and everybody’s water lines were freezing. When you cut the water line, water would run out everywhere. These guys had lived around there their whole life, and they’re like, ‘Well here’s the problem. We can’t get it dry enough to get it soldered.’ And I’m like, ‘put a loaf of bread in it.’ And they’re like, ‘why are we putting of bread in it?’ ‘Cause the bread sops it up, and after a while the bread will dissolve and it doesn’t affect your water line. So they thought that was a hillbilly invention. And I thought [to myself] what world are you all living in? You all got frozen pipes everywhere, and didn’t know how to get the water out.

[Happiest times] Probably watching my kids. I got two that’s in high school and my youngest one’s eight. She is down here playing now. Watching them grow is probably the best times. 

(How you want to be remembered) I was a person of my word, a family person. [I] love Jesus and my country. Beyond that, I don’t know, because I worry about those things, too. My brother is a United States Marine. I can watch the world news and when I’m watching ISIS, I guess it maybe affects me a little more. Like, ‘wait a minute, what’s going on in the world we live in,’ you know?

[He is stationed] at Camp Lejeune. He has been in the military eight years now. He is a combat instructor [and] he has been deployed three times. So you know each time he is deployed, you watch the news a little more.

I don’t think we fully realize what terror we are really under because it’s not happened yet. And ‘yet’ is the key word, ‘cause it’s coming. 

I don’t think [hillbilly] means a backward way of life like most people think. I think it’s proud of your heritage. We can get on a computer and we can figure out technology the same as anyone else, but we can bait a trotline and we can skin a buck and we can go four wheeling on a Friday night. When you say hillbilly, to me it’s about simple things in life. That’s the way I view it. Everything doesn’t have to be complicated.”